# Direct, Inverse, Joint and Combined Variation

This section covers:

When you start studying algebra, you will also study how two (or more) variables can relate to each other specifically.  The cases you’ll study are:

• Direct Variation, where both variables either increase or decrease together
• Inverse or Indirect Variation, where when one of the variables increases, the other one decreases
• Joint Variation, where more than two variables are related directly
• Combined Variation, which involves a combination of direct or joint variation, and indirect variation

These sound like a lot of fancy math words, but it’s really not too bad.  Here are some examples of direct and inverse variation:

• Direct:   The number of dollars I make varies directly (or you can say varies proportionally) with how much I work.
• Direct:   The length of the side a square varies directly with the perimeter of the square.
• Inverse:   The number of people I invite to my bowling party varies inversely with the number of games they might get to play (or you can say is proportional to the inverse of).
• Inverse:  The temperature in my house varies indirectly (same as inversely) with the amount of time the air conditioning is running.
• Inverse:   My GPA may vary directly inversely with the number of hours I watch TV.

# Direct or Proportional Variation

When two variables are related directly, the ratio of their values is always the same.  So as one goes up, so does the other, and if one goes down, so does the other.  Think of linear direct variation as a “y = mx” line, where the ratio of y to x is the slope (m).  With direct variation, the y-intercept is always 0 (zero); this is how it’s defined.

(Note that Part Variation, or “varies partly”,  means that there is an extra fixed constant, so we’ll have an equation like $$y=mx+b$$, which is our typical linear equation.)

Direct variation problems are typically written:

→        y = kx      where k is the ratio of y to x (which is the same as the slope or rate).

Some problems will ask for that k value (which is called the constant of variation or constant of proportionality – it’s like a slope!); others will just give you 3 out of the 4 values for x and y and you can simply set up a ratio to find the other value.  I’m thinking the k comes from the word “constant” in another language.

(I’m assuming in these examples that direct variation is linear; sometime I see it where it’s not, like in a Direct Square Variation where  $$y=k{{x}^{2}}$$.  There is a word problem example of this here.)

Remember the example of making $10 an hour at the mall (y = 10x)? This is an example of direct variation, since the ratio of how much you make to how many hours you work is always constant. We can also set up direct variation problems in a ratio, as long as we have the same variable in either the top or bottom of the ratio, or on the same side. This will look like the following. Don’t let this scare you; the subscripts just refer to the either the first set of variables , or the second . ## Direct Variation Word Problem: So we might have a problem like this: The value of y varies directly with x, and y = 20 when x = 2. Find y when x = 8. (Note that this may be also be written “y is proportional to x, and y = 20 when x = 2. Find y when x = 8.”) Solution: We can solve this problem in one of two ways, as shown. We do these methods when we are given any three of the four values for x and y. Formula Method: Proportion Method: It’s really that easy. Can you see why the proportion method can be the preferred method, unless you are asked to find the k constant in the formula? Again, if the problem asks for the equation that models this situation, it would be “y = 10x“. ## Direct Variation Word Problem: The amount of money raised at a school fundraiser is directly proportional to the number of people who attend. Last year, the amount of money raised for 100 attendees was$2500.   How much money will be raised if 1000 people attend this year?

Solution:

Let’s do this problem using both the Formula Method and the Proportion Method:

## Direct Variation Word Problem:

Brady bought an energy efficient washing machine for her new apartment.  If she saves about 10 gallons of water per load, how many gallons of water will she save if she washes 20 loads of laundry?

Solution:

Let’s do this with the proportion model:

See how similar these types of problems are to the Proportions problems we did earlier?

## Direct Square Variation Word Problem

Again, a Direct Square Variation is when y is proportional to the square of x, or  $$y=k{{x}^{2}}$$.  Let’s work a word problem with this type of variation:

If y varies directly with the square of x, and if y = 4 when x = 3, what is y when x = 2?

Solution:

Let’s do this with the formula method and the proportion method:

# Inverse or Indirect Variation

Inverse or Indirect Variation is refers to relationships of two variables that go in the opposite direction.  Let’s supposed you are comparing how fast you are driving (average speed) to how fast you get to your school.  You might have measured the following speeds and times:

(Note that  means “approximately equal to”).

Do you see how when the x variable goes up, the y goes down, and when you multiply the x with the y, we always get the same number?   (Note that this is different than a negative slope, since with a negative slope, we can’t multiply the x’s and y’x to get the same number).

So the formula for inverse or indirect variation is:

→             where k is always the same number.

(Note that you could also have an Indirect Square Variation or Inverse Square Variation, like we saw above for a Direct Variation.  This would be of the form  $$y=\frac{k}{{{{x}^{2}}}}\text{ or }{{x}^{2}}y=k$$.)

Here is a sample graph for inverse or indirect variation.  This is actually a type of Rational Function (function with a variable in the denominator) that we will talk about in the Rational Expressions and Functions section here.

## Inverse Variation Word Problem:

So we might have a problem like this:

The value of y varies inversely with x, and y = 4 when x = 3.  Find x when y = 6.

The problem may also be worded like this:

Let = 3,  = 4, and  = 6.  Let y vary inversely as x.  Find .

Solution:

We can solve this problem in one of two ways, as shown.  We do these methods when we are given any three of the four values for x and y.

Formula Method:

Product Rule Method:

## Inverse Variation Word Problem:

For the Choir fundraiser, the number of tickets Allie can buy is inversely proportional to the price of the tickets.  She can afford 15 tickets that cost $5 each. How many tickets can Allie buy if each cost$3?

Solution:

Let’s use the product method:

## “Work” Inverse Proportion Word Problem:

Here’s a more advanced problem that uses inverse proportions in a “work” word problem; we’ll see more “work problems” here in the Systems of Linear Equations Section and here in the Rational Functions and Equations Section.

If 16 women working 7 hours day can paint a mural in 48 days, how many days will it take 14 women working 12 hours a day to paint the same mural?

Solution:

The three different values are inversely proportional;  for example, the more women you have, the less days it takes to paint the mural, and the more hours in a day the women paint, the less days they need to complete the mural:

You might be asked to look at functions (equations or points that compare x’s to unique y’s – we’ll discuss later in the Algebraic Functions section) and determine if they are direct, inverse, or neither:

# Joint  Variation and Combined Variation

Joint variation is just like direct variation, but involves more than one other variable.  All the variables are directly proportional, taken one at a time.  Let’s do a joint variation problem:

Supposed x varies jointly with y and the square root of z.  When x = ­–18 and y = 2, then z = 9.  Find y when x = 10 and z = 4.

Let’s set this up like we did with direct variation, find the k, and then solve for y:

Combined variation involves a combination of direct or joint variation, and indirect variation.  Since these equations are a little more complicated, you probably want to plug in all the variables, solve for k, and then solve back to get what’s missing.  Here is the type of problem you may get:

(a)   y varies jointly as x and w and inversely as the square of zFind the equation of variation when y = 100, x = 2, w = 4, and z = 20.

(b)   Then solve for y when x = 1, w = 5, and z = 4.

Let’s solve:

## Combined Variation Word Problem:

The volume of wood in a tree (V) varies directly as the height (h) and inversely as the square of the girth (g).  If the volume of a tree is 144 cubic meters when the height is 20 meters and the girth is 1.5 meters, what is the height of a tree with a volume of 1000 and girth of 2 meters?

Solution:

## Combined Variation Word Problem:

The average number of phone calls per day between two cities has found to be jointly proportional to the populations of the cities, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two cities.  The population of Charlotte is about 1,500,000 and the population of Nashville is about 1,200,000, and the distance between the two cities is about 400 miles.  The average number of calls between the cities is about 200,000.

(a)   Find the k and write the equation of variation.

(b)   The average number of daily phone calls between Charlotte and Indianapolis (which has a population of about 1,700,000) is about 134,000.  Find the distance between the two cities.

Solution:

This one looks really tough, but it’s really not that bad if you take it one step at a time:

## Joint Variation Word Problem:

The area of a triangle is jointly related to the height and the base.   If the base is increased by 40% and the height is decreased by 10%, what will be the percentage change of the area?

Solution:

We probably know the equation for the area of a triangle to be  $$A=\frac{1}{2}bh$$,   (b = base and h = height) so we can think of the area having a joint variation with b and h, with  $$k=\frac{1}{2}$$.  So let’s do the math for this problem; we can just keep the variable k in the problem:

## Combined Variation Word Problem:

y varies jointly with  $${{x}^{3}}$$  and z, and varies inversely with  $${{r}^{2}}$$.  What is the effect on y when x is doubled and r is halved?

Solution:

Since we want x to double and r to be halved, we can just put in the new “values” and see what happens to y.  Make sure to put them in parentheses, and “push the exponents through”:

One word of caution: I found a variation problem in an SAT book that stated something like this:   “If x varies inversely with y and varies directly with z, and if y and z are both 12 when x = 3, what is the value of y + z when x = 5”.  I found that I had to solve it setting up two variation equations with two different k‘s (otherwise you can’t really get an answer).  So watch the wording of the problems.   🙁

Here is how I did this problem:

We’re doing really difficult problems now – but see how, if you know the rules, they really aren’t bad at all?

Learn these rules, and practice, practice, practice!

On to Introduction to the Graphing Display Calculator (GDC).  I’m proud of you for getting this far!  You are ready!

## 87 thoughts on “Direct, Inverse, Joint and Combined Variation”

1. Hi. I just want to add that formulas such as for direct variation are often valid in the real world for a limited domain only. For example as you stretch a rubber band, the distance stretched is directly proportional to the force of stretching it – until it breaks. Recipes (not that I cook) may say something like “for two portions, allow twice as much cooking time,” although that direct proportion may not continue to hold for any number of portions. And you wouldn’t double the temperature for two portions.

2. I do appreciate your explanation to studentsparents(like me),etc..and I can say that I am able to manage and understand,in order to help my kids in colleges.
Thanks a lot

3. I love the way the information is formatted and easy to understand. Keep up the good work
Girls need Math!

6. it is very interested it has help me with my exame

7. So… what if y varies inversely with both x and z? Would the equation to figure that out be y=k/xz ?

• Great question! Yes, that is how I’d set it up. Do have the actual problem though? It might be set up with two different “k”s – I’ve seen this too. Thanks, Lisa

• I believe that would actually be joint variation, since no indirect (inverse) variation is involved. Lisa

8. The information is very helpful. May I request from any one from here,whether the COMBINED/JOIN VARIATION is included in IGCSE /O-Level Examinations?

Thank you.

Thankaraj.

• I’m sorry, I don’t know anything about the IGCSE exam. Sorry I can’t help you. Lisa

9. Thanks A Lot For This 🙂 It Is A Big Help In My Project ^^

10. thanks….. this is big help to my project…. it really helps me =D

Direct variation, y=kx

And indirect relations… Do indirect relations apply to all odd negative functions? Everything that starts high and ends low?

I think sometimes people confuse relations with correlations.
I work with both science and math to ensure correct vocabulary…

Any help with these terms is appreciated!

• Thanks for writing! Yes, you are correct, relations are confused with correlations. Here is what I found for a definition of “indirect relations”: The relationship between two variables which move in opposite directions; when one of the variables increases the other variable decreases.
So this would just imply a negative slope, if the relation is linear. So I think you are correct in saying that indirect relations apply to all odd negative functions.

For correlations, here is a good definition from the same source: Degree and type of relationship between any two or more quantities (variables) in which they vary together over a period; for example, variation in the level of expenditure or savings with variation in the level of income. A positive correlation exists where the high values of one variable are associated with the high values of the other variable(s). A ‘negative correlation’ means association of high values of one with the low values of the other(s). Correlation can vary from +1 to -1.

Any more thoughts? Lisa

12. Great!
Could you please explain the last problem you found on an SAT
exam where you had to solve for two values of K?
Manuel

• Sure – and I’ll add that to the webpage. x = ksub1/y, x = ksub2*z. 3 = ksub1/12, so ksub1 = 36. So x = 36/y for the first equation. 3 = ksub2*12, so ksub2 = 1/4. So x = (1/4)z for the second equation. Putting in 5 for x, we get y = 36/5, and z = 20. So y + z = 27.2. Does that make sense? Lisa

13. Hello Lisa,

I have been using your examples to understand direct, inverse and joint variation, however I came across this problem below and I don’t understand the question. I hope you can help me get some sense of the right answer.

What is the relation between the variables in the equation x^4/y=7?

I thought that the answer would be: x^4 varies directly as y after rearranging the equation to x^4=7y. However, the correct answer is Y varies directly as x^4.

I though that since x^4 was equal to k times y (x^4=ky), that X^4 would varied directly as y.

My question is, when do we know if x or y varies as the other one. Thank you!

• Good question! The way I’ve always thought about it is the variable that starts out (for example, y varies directly to …) should be just 1 variable with a coefficient of 1. So it should be like y, x, etc, and not x^4. So your answer is correct – just not good “math grammar”. Does that make sense?

The other thing that’s puzzling about this problem though is that a direct variation typically is linear; in this case it isn’t. I need to do more research on this; I notice on the web that some say it has to be linear, others not.

Hope this helps. Lisa

• Okay, it does make sense. I will use your advise and see if I get some correct answers. Thank you very much!!

14. Hi, I just want to clarify this problem 🙁

In my math class, we are currently on this topic, but we came across this problem that confused us:

1.) y= xz/z – Joint Variation
2.) y= 2x/z – Combined Variation

May I ask what is the difference that made no.1 a Joint Variation since it included an indirect variation within the problem.

I also asked my teacher and he said that the only difference was that in no.1, since the (k) was in variable, it had to be considered a Joint Variation, while in no.2, since the k was (2) we considered that it should be Combined Variation, and as I looked at your examples and other sites for cross reference and I also had to look at my book for confirmation but I could only see that Joint Variation is similar to Direct Variation but dealing with multiple variables, while Combined Variation would have a Direct/Joint Variation paired with an Inverse Variation, I am currently confused by this and would like to clarify this to my teacher and my classmates as well or is only an error from my teacher?, an explanation would be grateful 🙂

Alviiiin

• Hello – thanks for writing! I was under the impression that JOINT variation is in the form y = kyz, where there are NO variables in the denominator. Combined variation has variables in the numerator AND denominator, such as y = kx/z. The k’s are always on top (numerator) in both cases. Does that make sense? I’m not sure about your teacher’s explanation. Lisa

15. i didnt understand the last problem
when y & z =12 but the equation y=k₂z you plugged the value of x which is equals to 3

• Thank you so much – you are absolutely correct – I had the problem wrong. I fixed it – can you check it? Can you find more problems? haha Thanks again, Lisa

16. what is the meaning of direct square variation?

17. Okay, used all the information that was provided by you but somehow I still don’t think my answer is correct for this particular problem that I have. Above in your example on combined variation I used the formula to find k=0.03 or 0.0262 , now that I have that my answer is 80028/25. I must have a whole number to determine the amount of phone calls made daily to from Dallas (702,000)to Little Rock(38,000) these cities are 500 miles apart. I am not sure where I am making my mistake here… 80028/25= (0.03)(702,000)(38,000)/(500)^2 : c=(k)(P1)(P2)/d^2

18. I still dont get it

19. If y varies inversely with the square of x and x varies directly with z. What the relationship between y and z?

• This is a good one! I’d set this up like this: y = k/x^2, x = zk (different k). So then we have y = k/(zk)^2, or y = k/(z^2k^2). You can take the k on top and the other k squared on bottom to make a new constant and put it all on top, so we get y = k/z^2. So I’d say y varies inversely as the square of z. Does that make sense? I’m not 100% sure though 🙂 Lisa

20. How can v prove this x varies directly to b then prove that b varies directly to a

• Thanks for writing! I assume that you mean if x varies directly to b, then b varies directly to x. If x varies directly to b, then there exists a constant k where x = kb. Then we can solve for b: b = x/k, or b = x * (1/k). 1/k is still a constant, so b varies directly to x. Does that make sense? Lisa

21. The Area of a triangle is jointly related with the height and the base. If the base is increased by 40% and the base is decreased by 20%, what will be the percentage change in the Area?

• Thanks for writing – this is a good problem and I think I’ll add one like it! Here’s how I’d do it: A = khb (actually k = 1/2). If the base is increased by 40% and the base (do you mean height?) is decreased by 20%, we’ll have A = k(1.4b)(.8h) = 1.12khb. So the new Area will be increased by 12%. Does that make sense? You can put real numbers in to see how it works! Lisa

22. Hello There! Can you add More Examples of Direct , Joint , Combined , and Inverse Variation? Now?
Thankyou! 🙂

23. The table below shows a direct variation. What is the value of m?
x y
12 24
18 m
24 48

A.2
B.24
C.30
D.36

• Thanks for writing! m would be 36, since the y values are twice the x values. So the direct variation would y = 2x. Does that make sense? Lisa

24. The quantity of y is partly constant and partly varies as the square of x . write down the relationship between x and y when x=1and y=11 and when x=2;y=5 . Find the value of y when x=4

• Hello! Here’s how I’d do this: y = kx^2. so 11 = k(1)^2, so k = 11 (value of y when x = 4 would be y = 16k or y = 11(4)^2 = 176. For other relationship, 5 = k(2)^2, so k = 5/4 (value of y when x = 4 is y = 16k or y = (5/4)(4)^2 = 20. Does that make sense? Lisa

• This particular question is under partial variation and this is solved as follows.
It is in two parts and two constants.the first part is constant(C) and the second part is where the x^2 is and you introduce the other constant(K) against the x^2.
Therefore, y = C + K x^2
So when x =1,y = 11,
11 = C + K(1)^2, so 11 = C + K ………(1)
When x=2,y=5
5 = C + K(2)^2, so 5 = C + 4K ………(2)
Then we solve the two equations simultaneously.
Therefore C=13 and K= -2, so the main eqn will be
y = 13 – 2 x^ 2
So when x = 4, y = 13 – 2(4)^2
Therefore y = -19.

25. Does ancient civilization use these Variations (Joint, inverse)? In what kind (like constructions or something)? By the Way this helped me!

26. Sir please I want you to be my online mathematics teacher.

The cost c of materials for a deck varies jointly with the width w and the length l. If
c = \$470.40 w hen
w = 12 and l = 16 , find the cost when
w = 10 and l = 25.

28. Thanks very much!!! You help me understand more in the word problem. This helps me in my highschool topic. Let me just say, this variation thing is really easy to solve like a piece of cake. Anyways, thanks for the examples! You helped me from getting another discussion with my highschool teacher in Math.

• Thanks so much for your nice note – that means a lot to me! Please spread the word about SheLovesMath.com 😉 Lisa

29. Thanks for the problems! You help me not getting another discussion with our highschool Math teacher. 😀

30. This is very great. its has really fortified my knowledge. please in need more format on different topics in math just like the way you did to variation. please! thank you very mush.

• Thanks for writing! With direct variation, there are 2 variables involved, and with joint variation, there are more than 2 variables involved. So with direct, we may have y=kx and with joint, we may have y=kxz. Does that make sense?

• I’m not a math teacher, but an “retired” systems engineer – and now I tutor math 😉 Lisa

31. how did you get the answer 581.7 in combined variation? I tried to solve but I can’t get the same answer.

• Thanks for writing! I multiplied .01778 times 1500000 times 1700000 and then divided by 134000. Then I took the square root of that. Does that make sense? Lisa

32. Thanks a lot! These explanations are going to help me with this chapter. God bless you!